细叶百合的生物量和营养分配

 以栽培的2年生细叶百合（Lilium pumilum）为材料,于2000年的生长季从蕾期至种子成熟期进行6次取样,对其各器官生物量和氮、磷元素的配置进行了动态研究。结果表明,细叶百合虽然以种子繁殖为主,但在整个生长季用于生殖器官的生物量投资的比例并不很大,大量干物质分配到地下器官鳞茎中（平均为60.17%）;茎、叶的生物量分配比例仅次于鳞茎;雄蕊生物量分配比例明显高于雌蕊。在叶萌动及展叶初期植株全氮百分含量最高;从春季萌动至秋季果实成熟,叶中的氮呈逐渐递减的趋势;茎和生殖器官的全氮含量在蕾期最大;生殖器官与叶、鳞茎的全氮含量相关显著。磷在生殖器官的含量较高,这与磷在植物有性生殖过程中的重要作用相一致;生殖器官与茎的全磷含量相关显著。地下器官全氮、全磷随季节变化有增多的趋势;地上各器官全氮、全磷相关显著,随季节变化有明显减少的趋势。     

Species identity of geographically distinct populations of the glassy-winged sharpshooter parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi: morphology, DNA sequences, and reproductive compatibility

Gonatocerus ashmeadi is a common and seemingly widespread egg parasitoid of Homalodisca coagulata, the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS). Location records for G. ashmeadi indicate its natural range to be the southeastern USA and northeastern Mexico (which coincides with the presumed native range of GWSS), and possibly southern and central California (CA) (the adventive range of GWSS). The purpose of our work was to determine whether G. ashmeadi in the USA and northeastern Mexico is one species or a complex of reproductively incompatible sibling species. We used three approaches to determine the species identity of different G. ashmeadi populations: (1) reassessment of key morphological features using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine if subtle morphological differences exist between G. ashmeadi populations which could indicate species differences; (2) to determine if molecular differences exist between G. ashmeadi populations collected from different regions by comparing mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA sequences; (3) mating compatibility studies to determine if different populations of G. ashmeadi are reproductively isolated, or if mating occurs, whether offspring are viable thereby defining species groups on the basis of successful interbreeding. Results from these three areas (morphology, DNA sequences, and reproductive compatibility) have been evaluated collectively; leading us to the conclusion that G. ashmeadi as it is currently viewed is a valid species and not an aggregate of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species.     

Intraguild predation: a widespread interaction related to species biology

Intraguild predation (IGP), defined as killing and eating among potential competitors, seems to be a ubiquitous interaction, differing from competition or predation. In the present study we assess the frequency of IGP among 763 potential intraguild prey and 599 potential intraguild predators. Our results indicate that IGP is common in nature, reaching frequencies between 58.4 and 86.7%. A null model suggests that IGP in different groups of predators and prey (i.e. carnivores, omnivores, herbivores, detritivores, or top and intermediate species) have different deviations from a chance expectation, indicating these attributes of species biology as main determinants of IGP persistence. We suggest that IGP satisfies two basic requirements to be considered as important to the trophic structuring of communities. First, its occurrence is not random, rather it is associated with well‐defined attributes of species biology, and secondly, it is a widespread interaction.     

野生条件下扬子鳄的吼叫规律

20 0 3年在安徽扬子鳄自然保护区对扬子鳄的吼叫规律进行了为期一年的专题研究。在监测中 ,记录了吼叫日期、吼叫时间、吼叫数和天气情况。扬子鳄在每年的 3月开始吼叫 ,11月停止吼叫 ;扬子鳄的吼叫数在不同的月份差异极显著 (χ2 检验 :χ2 =4 4 8 2 9,df=8,P <0 0 1) ,其中 6月扬子鳄吼叫最为频繁 ,其吼叫数占全年的 2 6 0 % ;繁殖期间 (6— 9月 )扬子鳄吼叫数明显高于非繁殖期 (Mann WhitneyU检验 :U =2 0 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;在每天的不同时间扬子鳄的吼叫数呈极显著差异 (χ2 =2 33 18,df =17,P <0 0 1) ,存在明显的吼叫高峰 ,白天吼叫多于晚上 (U =12 5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;天气的变化对吼叫没有影响。分析表明 ,扬子鳄的吼叫与其繁殖行为关系紧密 ,吼叫的主要目的是为了吸引异性 ,同时有保护领域的功能。     

滑鼠蛇的繁殖输出及孵化热环境对孵出幼体表型特征的影响

用15条2002年6月中旬捕自浙江丽水的怀卵滑鼠蛇研究繁殖输出及孵化热环境对孵出幼体表型特征的影响。母体在捕后3周内各产一窝柔性卵。窝卵数、窝卵重和卵大小均随母体体长增加而增大,平均值分别为13．3(枚卵)、332．4g和24．8g。窝卵数和卵大小的变异系数分别为0．18和0．13。窝卵数与产后母体状态呈正相关,卵数量和大小无关。每窝部分可孵卵分别用恒温(24、27、30、33℃)和21．0-39．0℃(平均28．3℃)范围内的波动温度孵化,每隔5d记录恒温孵化卵的重量。孵化热环境对卵与环境之间的水分交换有显著影响,并影响孵化卵重量的时间变化。24、27、30、33℃和波动温度的平均孵化期分别为105．4、78．0、57．8、51．3和58．6d。不同热环境下的孵化成功率和幼体畸形率有一定差别,但统计上不显著。24℃和30℃孵出幼体雄性比例较高,27℃、33℃和波动温度孵出幼体雌性比例较高,但没有证据表明孵化温度能决定滑鼠蛇性别。除孵出幼体灰分含量外,孵化温度对其它幼体特征均有显著影响。33℃孵出幼体SVL较小,但剩余卵黄和其中的灰分含量大于其它温度孵出的幼体。24℃和30℃孵出幼体的总干重、总能量、躯干干重、脂肪体干重总体上小于27℃和波动温度孵出幼体。24℃孵出幼体特征性具有最小的剩余卵黄,33℃孵出幼体则特征性地具有最大的剩余卵黄。24℃和30℃孵出幼体特征较为接近,27℃和波动温度孵出幼体较为接近。对9个幼体特征变量做主成分分析发现,第一和第二主成分共解释81．2％的变异。幼体SVL、湿重、干重、脂肪含量、能量、躯干干重和脂肪体干重在第一主成分有较高的正负载系数(解释56．9％变异),剩余卵黄干重在第二主成分有较高的正负载系数(解释24．3％变异),第一和第二主成分的分值均差异显著。主成分分析进一步显示,24、30和33℃孵出幼体总体上小于27℃和波动温度孵出幼体[动物学报50(4)：541-550,2004]。     

Larval and early juvenile development of Lithodes santolla (Molina, 1782) (Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae) reared at different temperatures in the laboratory

The southern king crab, Lithodes santolla Molina, is distributed in cold-temperate and subantarctic waters ranging from the southeastern Pacific island of Chiloé (Chile) and the deep Atlantic waters off Uruguay, south to the Beagle Channel (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina/Chile). Recent investigations have shown that its complete larval development from hatching to metamorphosis, comprising three zoeal stages and a megalopa, is fully lecithotrophic, i.e. independent of food. In the present study, larvae were individually reared in the laboratory at seven constant temperatures ranging from 1 to 18 °C, and rates of survival and development through successive larval and early juvenile stages were monitored throughout a period of 1 year. The highest temperature (18 °C) caused complete mortality within 1 week; only a single individual moulted under this condition, 2 days after hatching, to the second zoeal stage, while all other larvae died later in the zoea I stage. At the coldest condition (1 °C), 71% of the larvae reached the zoea III stage, but none of these moulted successfully to a megalopa. A temperature of 3 °C allowed for some survival to the megalopa stage (17-33% in larvae obtained from two different females), but only a single individual passed successfully, 129 days after hatching, through metamorphosis to the first juvenile crab instar. At all other experimental conditions (6, 9, 12 and 15 °C), survival through metamorphosis varied among temperatures and two hatches from 29% to 90% without showing a consistent trend. The time of nonfeeding development from hatching to metamorphosis lasted, on average, from 19 days at 15 °C to 65 days at 6 °C. The relationship between the time of development through individual larval or juvenile stages (D) and temperature (T) was described as a power function (D=aT^b, or log[D]=log[a]blog[T]). The same model was also used to describe the temperature dependence of cumulative periods of development from hatching to later larval or juvenile stages. One year after hatching, the 7th (6 °C) to 9th (15 °C) crab instar was reached. Under natural temperature conditions in the region of origin of our material (Beagle Channel, Argentina), L. santolla should reach metamorphosis in October-December, i.e. ca. 2 months after hatching (taking place in winter and early spring). Within 1 year from hatching, the crabs should grow approximately to juvenile instars VII-VIII. Our results indicate that the early life-history stages of L. santolla tolerate moderate cold stress as well as planktonic food-limitation in winter, implying that this species is well adapted to subantarctic environments with low temperatures and a short seasonal plankton production.     

圈养小熊猫繁殖行为变化及繁殖行为对策

In order to investigate the change of reproductive behaviors and understand reproductive strategies of both male and female red pandas, one-year behavioral observation was conducted through the focal sampling method in the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding from December 1999 to November 2000. Our results indicated that reproductive behaviors showed significant differences between the estrous and non-estrous seasons. Frequencies of the rubbing anogenital, sniffing and licking marking were much higher in estrus than in non-estrus. Bleating only appeared in the estrus and can be regarded as an estrous indicator.The result also demonstrated that both male and females applied different reproductive behavioral strategies. Frequencies of activity, rubbing anogenital, licking and sniffing marking, and bleat were much higher in the male than in the female. However, those of resting and investigating were much lower in the male than in the female. This indicated that the male was more active than the female during the estrus and might imply that the male acts mainly as an estrous message sender, and the female as a message receiver in the estrous season.     

高体重布氏田鼠产仔数较多但繁殖输出及氧化损伤不受影响

体重可影响动物几乎所有的生物学变量。高体重双亲通常产生较大胎仔数。繁殖过程代价很高,可能伴随着氧化损伤。为比较双亲体重对繁殖期能量学特征、繁殖输出和氧化损伤的影响,检测了高体重组(雌性:51. 5 g ± 1. 6 g;雄性:60. 4 g ±2. 5 g)和低体重组(雌性:35. 5 g ± 1. 2 g;雄性:49. 6 g ± 2. 8 g)布氏田鼠繁殖过程中母体的体重和摄食量,分娩时的胎仔数和胎仔总重,及后代断乳时母体的身体成分、激素含量(血清瘦素和催乳素)和氧化损伤(血清丙二醛、蛋白质羰基和肝脏丙二醛含量)。结果显示:(1)高体重组妊娠末期的母体体重增量显著高于低体重组;(2)高体重组母体的出生胎仔数显著高于低体重组,但出生及断乳时的平均胎仔重、胎仔总重和母体繁殖期间的能量摄入无显著差异; (3)血清激素含量、身体成分、身体脂肪重量及氧化损伤指标均无组间差异。结果表明,高体重布氏田鼠可产生较多的出生胎仔数,但母体并不通过摄入更多的能量来保证其繁殖输出,对氧化损伤也没有影响。这些结果对于理解不同体重的动物在繁殖期间的能量策略以及繁殖与生存之间的权衡等生活史理论具有重要意义。     

黑线仓鼠繁殖输出与基础代谢率的关系

为了解黑线仓鼠繁殖输出与基础代谢率(BMR)的关系,阐明最大持续能量收支(SusMR)的限制水平, 揭示哺乳期能量收支对策,本文测定了哺乳期黑线仓鼠的体重、摄食量、BMR 和身体组成,以及哺乳期的胎仔数、胎仔重和泌乳能量支出(MEO)。结果显示,黑线仓鼠哺乳期体重降低了15.0 ± 0.8% , 摄食量显著增加, 哺乳高峰期平均摄食量为13.9 ± 0.3 g /d, 摄入能为222.1 ± 5.3 kJ/ d, 比哺乳初期增加121% , 比对照组高288% ;哺乳高峰期MEO 为62.4 ± 2.3 kJ/ d, 哺乳末期BMR 为49.7 ± 1.1 kJ/ d; 断乳时平均胎仔数4.7 ± 0.2、窝胎仔重50.5 ±1.6 g; 哺乳末期BMR 比对照组增加48% ,BMR 与消化系统各器官的相关性高于对照组; BMR 与胎仔数、胎仔重、乳腺重量和MEO 显著正相关。结果表明:初次繁殖的黑线仓鼠哺乳期SusMR 限制为4.47 ×BMR, 在自身维持和繁殖输出之间采取了“权衡分配”的原则,通过体重降低以减少BMR 的增加幅度, 从而有利于繁殖输出。     

高体近红鲌的生长与繁殖

高体近红鲌为长江上游的特有鱼类,以2008年5—11月从赤水河赤水市江段采集的540尾高体近红鲌标本为材料,对其生长与繁殖特性进行了研究和分析。结果表明:高体近红鲌鳞片年轮结构呈疏密切割型,年龄特征显著。种群由1—4龄共4个年龄组组成,其中以2龄个体为主。体长分布主要集中在100—160 mm;体重分布主要集中在20.0—50.0 g。总性比为♀∶♂=1.30∶1。体长与鳞径呈直线关系,体长和体重呈幂函数关系且幂指数接近3,基本符合匀速生长类型,体长和体重Von Bertalanffy方程分别为Lt=217.38(1-e-0.2867(t+0.757))和Wt=118.151-e-0.2867(t+0.757)2.8103;生长拐点为2.85龄,拐点对应的体长和体重分别为Lt=140.09 mm,Wt=34.37 g。雌雄初次性成熟年龄均为1龄;繁殖高峰期为6—7月。Ⅳ期雌鱼的绝对繁殖力为950—8655粒,平均值(3087.90±1602.15)粒;体长相对繁殖力FL为10.00—56.20粒/cm,平均值(24.26±10.16)粒/cm;体重相对怀卵量FW为66.08—197.67粒/g,平均值(116.49±32.05)粒/g;卵径频率分布显示高体近红鲌为一次产卵类型。